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Transfer Learning
Reusing a pretrained convolutional network's learned features instead of training an image model from scratch.
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Transfer learning is the module’s answer to small datasets: take a large convolutional network pretrained on ImageNet, freeze its convolutional base, and train only a small classification head on your own images. The pretrained layers already encode useful visual features — edges, textures, shapes — so the head needs far fewer examples to converge.
The course applies this with Xception and similar architectures in Keras and PyTorch, and it is the standard technique in learner capstones: the published waste-classifier case study fine-tunes an Xception model to 93% test accuracy on roughly 15,000 images.